NARRATIVE TEXT

   Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

   The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

The generic sctucture of a narrative text:
1. Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
2. Complication: A crisis arises
3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.
4. Re-orientation: Optinal
5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight

Grammar that often arise in making the narrative text are Using tenses "Past", both simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, past or future could be continuous.

   Narrative Text Example: A Little Rabbit and Crocodiles 

The following story belongs to narrative text in fable category. We call it fable because it tells a story that the characters are animals. 

A Little Rabbit and Crocodiles 

A little rabbit wanted to find some food in a forest. But unfortunetely he found a big river so that he couldn't cross to another side. The rabbit looked around. He got surprised when he saw a huge crocodile floating on the river. The crocodile's eyes watched him out. "Aha!" the little rabbit smiled. He suddenly got an idea. "Hello, my lord crocodile! Would you please come here," he shouted. Hearing the rabbit called him, the crocodile swam closer. "Hmm, what's up?" "I know you're hungry. I'm bringing some food for you and all your friend. You know it's a big cow. I think it would make you so satisfied," the rabbit said. "Really? Where is it?" the crocodile said. "It's in the back of that tree," the rabbit pointed out a tree behind him. "I'll give you, but I must know how many crocodiles are here. Could you call your friend to come?" The crocodile looked happy. Then he called his friends. After a while 20 crocodiles had come. "Ok. Now please stay in line. I'm going to count your number," said the rabbit. All crocodiles moved and made a row. A moment later the big river was covered by crocodiles waiting some food that rabbit promised. The rabbit jumped to the first crocodile's back. He began to count. "One, two, three,..." the rabbit counted by jumping up to crocodiles' back one by one. "nineteen, twenty," After stepping the last crocodile, the rabbit jumped into the river bank and ran into the forest. Then he laughed and shouted, "Stupid!" 

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

   Simple past tense is used to state the facts or events that happened in the past or the past. If we talk about the past, it could be a few minutes ago, an hour ago, two days ago, last month, last year and so, an important period of time has passed and nothing to do with the present.

example:
I ate soup 10 minutes ago.
Finna did homework last night.
In making the simple past tense sentence is not too difficult. Here's the formula:
Positive: Subject + V2
Negative: Subject + Did not + V1
Question: Did + Subject + V1 +?
The verb used in the simple past tense is a verb form to 2, can be regular and irregular verbs

   

Here are examples of regular and irregular verbs:

• regular

V1                  V2                      V3
play                played                 played
live                 lived                    lived
study              studied                studied
watch             watched              watched
read               read                    read

Note: In regular verbs, change shape just add d / ed course.

•    Irregular

V1                 V2                     V3
go                  went                   gone
take               took                    taken
get                 got                      got/gotten
buy                bought                bought

Keep in mind that according to the formula that I list above, the simple past tense, the verb to-2 is only used in a positive sentence, if questions arise in the negative and the second verb must be converted into the first form of the verb.

   Here are examples of sentences in the simple past tense:

• positive

I Went to school yesterday.
My mother bought a new car last month.
Roni got up early last Sunday.
The boy played games in this room 5 minutes ago.

• negative

I did not go to school yesterday.
My mother did not buy a new car last month.
Roni did not get up early last Sunday.
The boy did not play games in this room 5 minutes ago.

• question

Did you go to school yesterday? Yes, I did / No, I did not
Did your mother buy a new car last month? Yes, she did / No, She did not
Roni did get up early last Sunday? Yes, he did / No, He did not
Did the boy play games in this room 5 minutes ago? Yes, he did / No, he did not

Where did you go yesterday? I went to school yesterday.
What did your mother buy last month? She bought a new car last month.
What did the boy play in this room 5 minutes ago? He played games 5 minutes ago.

Note: In the sentence simple past tense, auxiliary word used is "did" and this applies to all subjects. In contrast to the simple present tense using "do" and "does" depending upon the subject of the sentence. So the simple past tense is easier and less confusing. It's just that we have to know the second form of any verb that we use.

   Adverbs commonly used in the simple past tense
Yesterday
... ago
last Tuesday
last month
last year
today
In the simple past tense sentence was sometimes not use adverbs, but although there is no adjective in the sentence, we can understand that the incident / event occurred in the past.
example:
I got up late.
She did not take a bath.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

   In English Simple Present Tense or Present Tense is used to express the events or happenings, events, activities and so is the case today. Present Tense is also used to express a fact, or something that occurs repeatedly TODAY. Remember, PRESENT means is that NOW!
   The formula is:

• Positive   : S + V1 (s/es)
• Negative  : S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
• Introgative : DO/DOES + S + V1

Example of Positive form:
I drink coffee
She drinks coffe
We drink coffee

   When to use S or ES and when not?

If the Subject He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen or third person verb SINGLE then added S or ES.

   Negative Sentences Present Tense

Negative form, meaning that states NO. Then the corresponding formula Present Tense, after SUBJECT plus DO or DOES, NOT new, and added the first form of the verb without an S or ES again. S or ES it where? Already in the last does.

For I, WE, YOU, THEY DO added

For SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen added DOES

I do not drink coffee.

She does not drink coffee.

John Scoping does not learn english.

   Introgative sentences Present Tense

Question: DO / DOES + S + V1

Same thing mate. For I, WE, YOU, THEY DO use. For SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen DOES use. Examples like this:

Positive Sentences: I drink coffee

Introgative Sentences: DO you drink cofee?

Positive Sentences: She drinks coffe

Introgative Sentences: DOES She drink coffee?

Sentences like the above question is called YES / NO Question. Because the answer is Yes or No.. Do You drink coffee? "Yes I do" she said. Or it could be answered with complete: "Yes, I do drink coffee". DO is also be removed, a positive sentence again: "Yes I drink coffee".

   Well, if my last sentence introgative form to which the answer Yes or No only. What if the question or the answer long answer sentence? Well, just add it When, Where, Why, Who, What, etc. in front of him. Examples like this:

-When Do you drink coffee?

Sample answer: I drink coffee everyday.

-What does she drink?

She drinks coffee

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

   Past Continuous Tense is used to express the events GOING too, but it is NOT happening now, it is happening but PAST, but it has passed.

As the sense of the word, meaning Past "has passed", while Continuous means "being". For example this:

Yesterday my friend came to my house, banging the door, but no one is open. And I was at home, but when it's that "I'm sleeping!". When're sleeping? Yesterday, when my friend came. Not now right? But it was! That is Past Continuous Tense

   The formula of Past Continuous Tense is:
- positive     : S + was/were + V-ing
- negative    : S + was/were + NOT + V-ing
- introgative : Was/Were + S + Ving

For example: I was sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday Look right, "I was sleeping" is part of it's Past Continuous Tense. Moderate sleep that was yesterday, when my friend came to the house. Thus, Past Continuous Tense is very similar formula to the Present Continuous Tense, but the difference in the TO BE is second form.


Remember the changes and it's TO BE

Tobe: is, am become WAS
Tobe: are become WERE

I, She, He, It, John, Merry to be become WAS
We, They, John and Merry to be become WERE.

Other example sentences:
-They were learning in the classroom when I came
They further studied in class when I came.

- I was writing
- Joko was sleeping

   Negative Sentence For Past Continuous Tense 
It's easy, just use the formula, add NOT after Tobe (was / were). Remember the formula right? the formula: S + was / were + Ving + NOT. For example, from the simple example above, becomes:
 - I was NOT writing ... 
- Joko was NOT sleeping ...

   Introgative for Past Continuous Tense
Back again very easy, which is important you already understand its use as I explained above. To make or questions just Tobe (was or were) in front. Following from the above example would be:

- Was I writing ....?

Usually if asking her not to ask yourself, as it is more often the examples use the existing book of YOU, so it becomes:

- Were You writing ...?

Another example:
- Was Joko sleeping...?

  

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

   Present Perfect Tense emphasizes that its PERFECT. Perfect it means "perfect". Not perfect as it is pretty, but the perfect means "complete, already, has just finished," and so forth. So, if you emphasize the "IS" it's then use the Present Perfect Tense is. The most striking examples of such: She has just gone.
   The formula of Present Perfect Tense is:
- positive     : S + have/has + V3
- negative    : S + have/has Not + V3

- introgative : Have/has + S + V3

after the Subject (S) then use "have" or "has" suitable partner. Have in this context means: already, been, just now. What is strange in English ES + Have not haves but HAS. So like this:

• He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
• You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have

Examples of Present Perfect Tense

Positive    : She has gone (He just left)

Negatives : She has not gone

Introgative: Has She gone?

Remember, She has not go, nor She has going, nor has She goes. "Go" is the third form of the verb is "gone". Sequence changes in verb forms to Go is:

Go-went-gone.

  Another example:
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes
-You have read my lesson since 2 PM

Note the verb changes:
Write - wrote - written (changed)
Read - read - read

I repeat
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes.

Meaning:
I've written English language lessons for 30 minutes.

In the sentence above, emphasized "have" and now it's done, is no longer writing. But if your emphasis on "past 30 hours" then you use the Past Tense is more suitable.

Take another example, the positive:
-I have cleaned the floor
-He has drunk milk
-You have just broken the glass

  Introgative in Present Perfect Tense only appropriate formula above was reversed. Remember do not forget his partner to "Have" and "Has".

-Has She drunk milk?

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I.The Definition

  An Advertisement is a notice, picture, or film telling people about a product, job or service.

II.The kinds of Advertisement

   A. The Digital Advertisement

a.Television Advertising

  A television advertisement or televisions commercial, often just commercial, advert, film is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization that conveys a message.

  The effect of commercial advertisements upon the viewing public has been successful and pervasive.

THE EXAMPLE

b. Radio Advertising

  Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device.

  This advertising type is focused at the local consumers. The disadvantage to making use of radio advertising is that the consumer requires having tuned in to the station.

  In simple word, Radio advertising is commonly is to use to offer the product or event through the radio station.

THE EXAMPLE

Hello, Good morning Ozoners. The Announcer now is Finna. And I would to offer you about a store that new in Palangka Raya city. That is Spongebob’s Burger store.

  They sell :

•Beef Burger

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  Address : Jl. Pinus No. 100 Palangka Raya

  Phone    : 085251234560

  (Receive your order)

c. Online Advertising

  Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers.

  Commonly, that advertising is to offer the product or service through the Internet connection. 

THE EXAMPLE

d. Covert Advertising

  Covert advertising, also known as guerrilla advertising, is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand.

  For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. 

 B. Physical Advertising

a. Press Advertising

  Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal.

b. Mobile Billboard Advertising

  A mobile billboard is the marketing practice of advertising on the side of a truck or trailer that is typically mobile. Mobile billboards are a form of Out-Of-Home (OOH) Advertising

c. In-Store Advertising

  In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. That advertising is offer some products and services to the customers in that store.

d. In-Street Advertising

In-Street Advertising is an advertisement that put around the street. Commonly that use for offer the services, product, or to announce an events.

e. Celebrity Branding

  Celebrity branding is a type of branding, or advertising, in which a celebrity uses his or her status in society to promote a product, service or charity.

    Celebrity branding can take several different forms, from a celebrity simply appearing in advertisements for a product, service or charity, to a celebrity attending PR events, creating his or her own line of products or services, and/or using his or her name as a brand.

f. Sales Promotion

  Sales promotions are another way to advertise. Sales promotions are double purposed because they are used to gather information about what type of customers you draw in and where they are, and to jumpstart sales.

    Sales promotions include things like contests and games, sweepstakes, product giveaways, samples coupons, loyalty programs, and discounts. The ultimate goal of sales promotions is to stimulate potential customers to action.

THE EXAMPLE

*at Ma’am Rika’s House*

Excuse me, Ma’am. Good Morning.

I want to offer a new product from our store for you.

Do you want to buy it? That’s a good product, ma’am.

And it’s so cheap too.

EXPRESSING HAPPINESS

• EXPRESSING HAPPINESS

Expressing happiness Is expressing which used to express glad feeling.
Here some expression to show happiness:
- GREAT!
- YEAAY!
- YIPPEY!
- WHAT A GREAT IDEA!
- I AM PLEASED/DELIGHTED
-TERRIFIC!
- THAT'S WONDERFUL!
- IT SOUNDS LIKE FUN
- IT'S THE BEST THING I'VE DREAMT FOR A LONG TIME
- HORRAY!
- I FIND IT VERY EXCITING
- IT IS A GOOD NEWS

• STRUCTURE OF FORMAL EXPRESSION HAPPINESS
• How + adjective + S + to be
• S + V1 + ............
• S + to be + very pleased/delighted/satisfied with...............

• STRUCTURE OF INFORMAL EXPRESSION HAPPINESS

Just use adjective.

example:

-GREAT!